Special populations: the female player and the youth player     

Rosenbloom CA  Loucks AB  Ekblom B 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(7):783-793

Females and youth are frequently described as "special" populations in football literature, but together these two populations outnumber male players. What makes females "special" is that they tend to eat less when training and competing than their male counterparts, leading to lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, and some nutrients. Youth football players are special in regard to energy and nutrient requirements to promote growth and development, as well as to fuel sport. There is limited research on the dietary habits of these two populations, but the available literature suggests that many female and youth players need to increase carbohydrate intake, increase fluid intake, and develop dietary habits to sustain the demands of training and competition.  相似文献   

Besprechungen     

K. Roth  D. Kuhlmann  G. Spitzer  J. Ulfkotte  C. Kruse 《Sportwissenschaft》1994,24(4):381-402

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Indexing from A to Z,The H. W. Wilson Company. New York. Hans H. Wellisch, 1991, pp. xxvi, 461. isbn 0-8242-0807-2 £31.00 (cased) Available in the UK from Thompson Henry Ltd,London Rd,Sun-ningdale,Berks SL5 0EP.     

John A. Vickers 《Learned Publishing》1992,5(2):117-118

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Pre-season physiological characteristics of English first and second division soccer players.     

J A Davis  J Brewer  D Atkin 《Journal of sports sciences》1992,10(6):541-547

This investigation was undertaken in an effort to establish physiological characteristics of soccer players and to relate them to positional roles. A total of 135 footballers (age 24.4 +/- 4.6 years) were assessed for body mass, % body fat, haemoglobin, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), leg power, anaerobic capacity and speed prior to an English league season. The sample included 13 goalkeepers, 22 full-backs, 24 centre-backs, 35 midfield players and 41 forwards. The goalkeepers were significantly heavier (86.1 +/- 5.5 kg; P < 0.01) than all groups except the centre-backs, had significantly higher estimated body fat percentages than centre-backs, forwards, midfield players (P < 0.01) or full-backs (P < 0.05), significantly lower estimated VO2 max values (56.4 +/- 3.9 ml kg-1 min-1; P < 0.01) and were slowest over 60 m (12.71 +/- 0.42 s). The midfield players had the highest predicted VO2 max values (61.4 +/- 3.4 ml kg-1 min-1), this being significantly greater (P < 0.05) than for the centre-backs. The forwards were the fastest group over 60 m (12.19 +/- 0.30 s), being significantly quicker than goalkeepers or centre-backs (P < 0.01) and full-backs (P < 0.05). Anaerobic power, as well as knee extensor torques (corrected for body mass) and extensor-flexor ratios, were similar between groups. No difference in estimated body fat percentage was observed between any of the outfield players, and haemoglobin concentrations were similar among players of all positions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

Recent changes in the educational placement of deaf students     

A Schildroth 《American annals of the deaf》1988,133(2):61-67

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Sektion Historische Bildungsforschung     

Petra G?tte 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2006,17(33):129-137

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

The laser printer as an agent of change     

Barbara A. Brannon 《Publishing Research Quarterly》2002,17(4):3-8

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Cross-cultural argument interactions between Israeli-Jews and Palestinians     

Donald G. Ellis  Ifat Maoz 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2002,30(3):181-194

This study examined the argument patterns that result when Israeli-Jews and Palestinians confront each other during group dialogues. We tested predictions derived from two theories. The first was a theory of cultural communication which predicted that Israeli-Jews and Palestinians would argue in a manner consistent with their respective cultural communication codes known as dugri and musayra respectively. Thus, the Israeli-Jews were expected to be assertive and the Palestinians more accommodating. The second theory was rooted in majority/minority power relations and predicted the opposite. The data were generated from reconciliation-based dialogue groups of Israeli-Jews and Palestinians. Communicative acts were coded according to the Conversational Argument Coding Scheme. Analysis of covariance was used to determine which patterns of argument distinguished the groups, and to identify variance attributable to lag sequences and individuals. The results were supportive of predictions from majority/minority power relations.  相似文献   

Research Note: Iterative Bid Design in Contingent Valuation and the Estimation of the Revenue Maximising Price for a Cultural Good     

K.G. Willis 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2002,26(4):307-324

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The Regrettable Necessity of Contingent Valuation     

Richard A. Epstein 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2003,27(3-4):259-274

Ordinary markets allow parties, not the state, to value property and projects. But they do not account for subjective value in such traditional contexts as condemnation. An awareness of these nonmarket values helps overcome any categorical opposition to the use of the contingent valuation method (CVM) to value cultural and environmental resources. But accurate CVM should measure all values, positive or negative, tononowners; it should apply generally to any substitute projects; and it should seek to account for diminishing marginal value of additional resource units. CVM should be used only to aggregate nonmarket preferences, not to skew the political debate to cultural or environmental objectives.  相似文献